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Safety of CAVs

The move to connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is being driven by the many potential benefits of the technology. However, to reap such benefits it is essential to ensure that CAV technology is safe and is used in a safe manner. Connected and automated vehicles standards can help with this.

Harnessing the safety of CAV

Improving security, efficiency and resilience across automated vehicles with standards

Emerging CAV standards: Ensuring safe connected and automated vehicles deployment
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Emerging CAV standards: Ensuring safe connected and automated vehicles deployment

The move to Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) is being driven by the many potential benefits of the technology, such as increased safety, reduced traffic congestion, lowered emissions and potentially increased mobility for those unable to drive or for people with disabilities. However, to reap such benefits it is essential to ensure that CAV technology is safe and is used in a safe manner. Demonstrating the UK’s intention of becoming a premier development location for CAVs, in 2015, the UK government set up a joint policy unit called CCAV, bringing together expertise from the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the Department for Transport (DfT). With a £250 million budget supported by matched industry funding, CCAV is working closely with industry, academia, standards bodies and regulators to enable the development and ultimately deployment of safe and secure CAV for the efficient movement of goods and people. A key aspect of ensuring the safe use of CAV is establishing and conveying the capabilities and limitations of the technology to its users, leading to a state of informed safety to enable the development of public trust in the technology. Why is the Safety of CAVs so Crucial? A recent CCAV report on public attitudes towards CAVs found that while the public accepts the potential safety benefits of CAV by reducing human error, fatigue, distraction and drink-driving, they consider the safety and security of the technology as of paramount importance. Reflecting the public attitude, the UK government is also committed to ensuring that the introduction of CAVs for commercial operations or testing/trialling purposes is done both safely and securely, to build public and consumer trust and acceptance of the technology. Industry standards have been suggested as key enablers for the development of trust. The CAV industry is relatively young with innovations emerging from traditional vehicle manufacturers and from exciting start-ups. This makes the standardization activities challenging. Against this backdrop, BSI is supporting CAV development through its CAV Standards programme, focussing on the safety and security of CAVs. Sponsored by CCAV, the BSI CAV Standards programme has brought together some of the brightest and most innovative experts from industry, academia and policy in the UK to create ground-breaking standards through a fast-paced standardization route known as a PAS (Publicly Available Specifications). Read more on the topic of Automotive Innovation by clicking here. The Role Standards Play in Making CAV Technology Safe Standards in an evolving area like CAV can hugely benefit the entire CAV supply chain from component manufacturers to simulation service providers. It is widely accepted that simulation will play a key role in creating the safety evidence for the safety case argument. There is a huge diversity in simulation tools. While indicating innovation, this also makes it challenging for end-users to try different solutions. Standards (e.g. in the area of interface definitions) have the potential not only to ensure interoperability but also to increase the efficiency of development while allowing both simulation service providers and end-users to keep innovating in their core expertise. Standards for emerging technologies like CAVs tend to serve three key purposes:  They help consolidate the state of the art by sharing between experts They enable interoperability of products from different manufacturers They potentially keep a check on the introduction of immature or unsafe technology. Furthermore, a key priority for BSI is to create strong and robust standards without hindering innovation, especially in an evolving industry like CAV. Key CAV Safety Standards PAS 1880:2020: provides a set of initial guidelines for control system design for automated vehicles PAS 1881:2022: provides the minimum requirements for assuring the safety case for automated vehicle trials and testing PAS 1882:2021: provides minimum requirements for data recording on a CAV (akin to a black box in aeroplanes) PAS 1883:2020: provides minimum requirements for a hierarchical taxonomy for Operational Design Domain (ODD) definition With a BSI Knowledge subscription, you will have the flexibility and visibility to manage the key standards you need in order to work with confidence and optimize the cybersecurity of your automotive products. Build your own custom collection of standards, or opt for access to our GBM27 Road Vehicle Engineering module and keep up-to-date with any relevant changes to your standards strategy. Request to learn more. To ensure your automotive business is ready for the challenges of tomorrow, shop our CAV safety standards today.Read more
Driving safety forward: Supporting the safety of the intended functionality of vehicles with BS ISO 21448
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Driving safety forward: Supporting the safety of the intended functionality of vehicles with BS ISO 21448

The rapid advancement of automated driving technology is putting pressure on the industry to rethink automotive safety standards. This is because, despite there being increasing levels of consumer confidence in connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology, this trust only tends to be present when manufacturers can demonstrate that additional safety measures have been implemented. As a result, a lack of accepted safety practices has been identified as a significant impediment to progress in the widespread adoption of this technology. To help increase standardization within the industry, automotive manufacturers and regulators have called for the development of more comprehensive standards to guarantee safety requirement completeness for connected and automated vehicles – see the BSI CAV Program. In response to this request, a significant automotive safety standard has been developed, BS ISO 21448 Road vehicles — Safety of the intended functionality, which will go some way to addressing the concerns from vehicle owners about the safety of their vehicle both in static and dynamic modes of operation. Why does the industry need automotive safety standard BS ISO 21448? So far, the BS EN ISO 26262 series on vehicle functional safety have been the primary standards in automotive development. The requirements in BS EN ISO 26262 define how to address safety risks due to malfunctioning behavior of a vehicle’s electrics/electronics (E/E) system, with the underlying assumption that the nominal performance of the E/E system is acceptably safe. With the introduction of new connected and automated vehicle technologies, it was recognized that the intended functionality and its implementation - as systems that rely on sensing the external or internal vehicle environment to build situational awareness - can cause hazardous behavior. This is despite these systems being free from the faults addressed in the BS EN ISO 26262 series. As a result, there was an obvious gap in best practices that needed to be filled. BS ISO 21448 represents a new set of industry best practices, developed from ISO/PAS 21448, and is devised to cover safety hazards that do not result from any system failures. In essence, BS ISO 21448 applies to systems operating in an open context, requiring engineers and designers to adopt a safety assurance approach that reduces the uncertainty associated with these types of systems.  It is the use of this new standard in combination with the BS EN ISO 26262 series that helps automated vehicle manufacturers, as well as other organizations who are developing the technology for automated driving, to achieve the absence of unreasonable risk. To learn more about the automotive safety standards that are available, read our article: ‘Safety first: How safety standards minimize risk in the automotive sector’ What is the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF)? There has been a growing need to demonstrate the safety of an automated vehicle within a real-world setting, with given scenarios to which the vehicle needs to be able to adapt. As a result, it is now becoming a key aspect of vehicle compliance for manufacturers to be able to ensure the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) of their automated vehicles. This involves testing the vehicle to show that there is an absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards resulting from functional insufficiencies, or from reasonably foreseeable misuse by persons. BS ISO 21448 provides guidance on the applicable design, verification, and validation measures needed to achieve the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF). Rather than focusing on failures, this new standard covers hazardous behavior in the absence of faults: any unintended consequences that result from the technological shortcomings of the system by design. Some examples of the guidance areas that BS ISO 21448 covers include: Design phase example: requirement for analysis of performance insufficiency to ensure  appropriate sensor performance for the intended operating environment Verification phase example: requirement for identification of appropriate test cases, verifying the acceptance of identified functional insufficiencies with their respective triggering conditions Validation phase example: requirement for appropriate coverage of the intended operating environment to discover unknown triggering conditions for remaining functional insufficiencies To read more about how standards are supporting the development of CAV technology, visit our Connected Automated Vehicles Topic Page. Benefits of BS EN ISO 21448 for automotive manufacturers There are many benefits for manufacturers in adopting BS ISO 21448. These include: Improve the safety of your automotive products Build trust with your customers Ensure compliance with regulations - BS ISO 21448 is potentially being cited in UNECE WP29 vehicle type approval regulations. This would make it a requirement for the industry to comply with the standard as it is part of vehicle type approval of which the regulator in the UK is the Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA).  Reduce the risk of recalls over performance concerns Get access to BS ISO 21448 and over 100,000 other standard documents with a BSI Knowledge subscription. You will have the flexibility and visibility to manage the essential standards you need in order to work with confidence and optimize the safety of your automotive products. Build your own custom collection of standards, or opt for access to our GBM27 Road Vehicle Engineering module and keep up-to-date with any relevant changes to your standards strategy. Request to learn more. Ensure you are working to the latest safety of the intended functionality best practices when it comes to the development of your connected and automated vehicles. Add BS EN ISO 21448 to your collection today.

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