National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 21404:2020. It is identical to ISO 21404:2020. It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15370‑1:2006, which is withdrawn.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 February 2020.

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

Introduction

The test method described in this document provides information about fusion and melting behaviour of the composite inorganic constituents of the solid biofuel ash at high temperatures.

Ash melting is a complex process where also sintering, shrinkage and expansion or swelling can occur.

The test method is empirical. The ash used for the test is a homogeneous material, prepared from the fuel by ashing at 550 °C (alternatively, ashing temperatures of 710 °C or 815 °C may be used). The determination is performed at a controlled rate of heating in a controlled atmosphere. In contrast, under full-scale conditions, the complex processes of combustion and fusion involve heterogeneous mixtures of particles, variable heating rates and gas compositions.

The determined characteristic temperatures in the test can be used for comparison of the tendency of the ashes from different types and qualities of solid biofuels to form fused deposits or to cause bed agglomeration on heating.

The method is based on the methods described in DIN 51730:1998^[¹^], ISO 540:2008^[²^] and CEN/TS 15370‑1^[³^]. The terms ash fusibility and ash softening are synonyms to ash melting.

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 January 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

European foreword

This document (EN ISO 21404:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2020, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2020.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes CEN/TS 15370‑1:2006.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 21404:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 21404:2020 without any modification.

1 Scope

This document specifies a method for the determination of the characteristic temperatures for the ash melting behaviour of solid biofuels.

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Principle

5 Reagents

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

6 Apparatus

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10

6.12

7 Test atmosphere

8 Calibration check

9 Procedure

9.1 Preparation of ash

9.2 Preparation of test pieces

9.3 Determination of characteristic temperatures

10 Precision of the method

11 Test report

Bibliography

BS EN ISO 21404:2020

Solid biofuels. Determination of ash melting behaviour

Current

Published:

29 Feb 2020