National foreword

This Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC TS 62565‑5‑1:2023.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its committee manager.

Contractual and legal considerations

This publication has been prepared in good faith, however no representation, warranty, assurance or undertaking (express or implied) is or will be made, and no responsibility or liability is or will be accepted by BSI in relation to the adequacy, accuracy, completeness or reasonableness of this publication. All and any such responsibility and liability is expressly disclaimed to the full extent permitted by the law.

This publication is provided as is, and is to be used at the recipient’s own risk.

The recipient is advised to consider seeking professional guidance with respect to its use of this publication.

This publication is not intended to constitute a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.

Compliance with a Published Document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2023.

FOREWORD

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a) patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

IEC TS 62565‑5‑1 has been prepared by subcommittee 113: Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems. It is a Technical Specification.

The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:

Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.

The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available at https://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.

list of all parts in the IEC 62565 series, published under the general title Nanomanufacturing – Product specifications, can be found on the IEC website.

Future documents in this series will carry the new general title as cited above. Titles of existing documents in this series will be updated at the time of the next edition.

The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document will be

reconfirmed,
withdrawn,
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.

IMPORTANT — The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

INTRODUCTION

This document specifies how to report the various characteristics of nanoporous activated carbon for electrochemical capacitors, and how to incorporate these into a bilateral detail specification between vendor and user.

Electrochemical capacitors are widely used in the fields of electric vehicles, high speed trains, airplanes, photovoltaics, wind power and electronics, due to their ultra-fast charge and discharge capability, long cycle life, wide working temperature range, high security reliability and low maintenance cost [1] 1. Nanoporous activated carbon is the active material in electrochemical capacitors [2], [3], [4] (Figure 1), and is one of the most critical factors that determine the electrochemical performance of a device.

Both precursor and process will affect the chemical, physical and structural characteristics of nanoporous activated carbon remarkably. The precursor of nanoporous activated carbon can be biomass, pitch and resin. The production process can be gas activation using diluted oxygen gas, steam, CO₂, etc., or chemical activation using H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂, KOH, etc. The chemical, physical and structural key control characteristics (KCCs) will significantly affect the electrochemical performance of nanoporous activated carbon. For instance, the metallic impurities will affect the self-discharging and endurance in cycling, the pore size distribution will affect the specific capacitance and the DC resistance. However, not all relationships between the chemical, physical, structure and application properties of active materials are clear so far. In the commercial market, the KCCs will be good indicators to choose an appropriate nanoporous activated carbon. Therefore, it is important to report KCCs, including electrochemical characteristics.

For nanoporous activated carbon manufacturers, the accurate characterization is critical for product optimization, finalization and quality control. For electrochemical capacitor manufacturers, who use the nanoporous activated carbon, before the large-scale production of electrochemical capacitors, the correct and accurate characterization of KCCs can be good indicators for choosing the appropriate raw materials and achieving quality assurance

To permit common processing equipment and common unit processes with predictable and reproducible results to be used in different fabrication lines, it is important for nanoporous activated carbon characteristics to be described and assessed in a proper manner and to standardize the methods for quality control of the manufacturing processes.

In this document, the key chemical, physical, structural and electrochemical characteristics that will significantly influence the performance of electrochemical capacitors are listed. This document also provides information about measurement methods and existing standards concerning the correct determination of KCCs.

1 Scope

This part of IEC 62565, which is a Technical Specification, establishes a blank detail specification (BDS) for

nanoporous activated carbon
used for
electrochemical capacitors

Numeric values for the key control characteristics are left blank as they will be specified between customer and supplier in the detail specification (DS). In the DS key control characteristics can be added or removed if agreed between customer and supplier

2 Normative references

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 General terms

3.2 Terms related to the nanoporous activated carbon

3.3 Chemical key control characteristics

3.4 Physical key control characteristic

3.5 Structural key control characteristics

3.6 Electrochemical key control characteristics

3.7 Measurement methods

3.8 Symbols and abbreviated terms

4 General introduction regarding measurement methods

For reasons of practicality for industrial use in manufacturing of nano-enabled electrotechnical products, this document recommends appropriate measurement methods for each material parameter. The specification of some KCCs of the nanoporous activated carbon of electrochemical capacitors refer to measurement procedures for which

no standards currently exist, or
standards are under development but have not yet been published, or
standards were developed for other use cases but can be adopted with modifications.

In other cases, industrial users of this document shall fall back to methods which are used in the scientific community. As they are not established as documented measurement procedures, the users of the detail specification shall agree bilaterally on it. For the KCCs in this document, Clause 6 provides a general overview and Annex A provides supporting information for standardized KCC measurement procedures.

To fulfil the requirements of quality assessment management strategies this requires careful documentation of the measurement procedure. The document describing the method used shall have an identification number and include the following topics.

Measurement principle:
- basic scientific background;
- measurement configuration if there are different experimental setups available which perform from a physical point of view the same measurement;
- measurement mode if there are measurement modes possible with the experimental setup which deliver different kinds of information.
Measurement system:
- measurement equipment or apparatus;
- materials;
- calibration standards;
- ambient conditions;
- sample preparation method.
Measurement procedure:
- calibration of measurement equipment;
- detailed protocol of the measurement procedure;
- measurement accuracy.
Data analysis and interpretation of results:
- description of the method to derive the key control characteristics out of the measurement data including the used key formulas.
Results to be reported:
- description of the test sample including a sketch, drawing or photograph;
- identification of the test sample, e.g. batch or serial number;
- quantitative description of the accuracy of the measurement;
- measured key control characteristics listed in tables, plotted in figures, maps created by scanning methods.

As this document is intended to be updated regularly, there will be a standardized method for each KCC in the future, including supplementing, revising and replacing the reference standards. Nevertheless, for special applications supplier and customer may deviate from the recommendations and agree on other than the recommended standards or define a specific method for their application.

5 Recommended nanoporous activated carbon specification format

5.1 General product description and procurement information

5.2 Chemical key control characteristics

5.3 Physical key control characteristics

5.4 Structural key control characteristics

5.5 Electrochemical key control characteristics

6 Overview of test methods

Bibliography

PD IEC TS 62565-5-1:2023

Nanomanufacturing. Product specifications - Nanoporous activated carbon. Blank detail specification: Electrochemical capacitors

Current

Published:

30 Jun 2023