Language resource is used in the construction, improvement, and evaluation of language processing applications. ISO 24617-9 provides a comprehensive model for the annotation and representation of referential phenomena in natural language texts and multimodal interactions. Such phenomena can cover simple anaphoric or coreferential mechanisms as well as more complex bridging or multimodal mechanisms. It provides a reference serialization in XML defined as a customisation of the TEI P5 guidelines.
In addition, ISO 24617-9 describes the core data categories related to referential entities and link structures, and also needed for the description of annotation schemes and serialization mechanisms for implementing conformant models as concrete data formats.
ISO 24617-9 on ‘Semantic RAF’ is useful for:
Reference phenomena are an essential component for the understanding and structuring of discursive mechanisms, ranging from very basic pronominal relation to complex bridging anaphora. ISO 24617-9 is intended to complement the ISO 24617 series and to provide all the necessary conceptual and technical mechanisms for the annotation of referential phenomena in multimodal discourse. Annotating such phenomena in an interoperable way improves the re-usability of language resources in such applications in language technology as named entity recognition, text understanding and synthesis, text summarization, information retrieval, automatic question-answering, man-machine dialogue, and machine translation.
The content of ISO 24617-9 builds upon various projects and software platforms that have been dealing with reference annotation (RA). Based on these and other previous works, the RAF aims at providing a synthesized way of treating various reference phenomena in discourse. In continuity with most practices in the field, RAF focuses on marking up referring expressions in a discourse and the relations that hold between them and the corresponding entities, whether this is based upon employing crowd sourcing or machine learning strategies.
The guidelines in ISO 24617-9 provide you with conceptual and technical mechanisms on RAF to facilitate research.
ISO 24617-9