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Publication history

First published September 2026

Foreword

This PAS was sponsored by Komatsu Ltd. Its development was facilitated by BSI Standards Limited and it was published under licence from The British Standards Institution. It came into effect on 30 September 2026.

Acknowledgement is given to Kunitoshi Suzuki, Komatsu Ltd, as the technical author, and the following organizations that were involved in the development of this PAS as members of the Steering Group:

Balfour Beatty plc
Construction Equipment Association (CEA)
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Japan Construction Machinery and Construction Association (JCMA)
Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T)
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)
VINCI Construction Grands Projets

Acknowledgement is also given to co-opted members of the Steering Group and members of a wider review panel who were consulted in the development of this PAS.

The British Standards Institution retains ownership and copyright of this PAS. BSI Standards Limited, as the publisher of the PAS, reserves the right to withdraw or amend this PAS on receipt of authoritative advice that it is appropriate to do so. This PAS will be reviewed at intervals not exceeding two years.

This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It will be withdrawn in the event it is superseded by a British Standard.

The PAS process enables a standard to be rapidly developed in order to fulfil an immediate stakeholder need. A PAS can be considered for further development as a British Standard, or constitute part of the UK input into the development of a European or international standard.

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Where words have alternative spellings, the preferred spelling of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary is used (e.g. “organization” rather than “organisation”).

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Introduction

The construction industry is making various efforts to reduce CO₂ emissions, a major greenhouse gas (GHG), through, for example, the electrification of machinery and the adoption of technological solutions to enhance overall construction efficiency. However, because CO₂ emissions are influenced by factors such as worksite size, the type of work performed and the machinery used, efforts to reduce emissions cannot always be evaluated under uniform conditions. Furthermore, there is no standard that allows for comparing the effects of CO₂ emissions reduction across different sites under equal conditions.

This PAS, therefore, specifies representative examples of earth-moving machinery and work covered to enable the evaluation and comparison of CO₂ emissions reduction activities and specifies ways to calculate CO₂ emissions evaluation indices per quantity of work for each machine and work type. Utilizing this index allows for comparative evaluation of CO₂ emissions reduction effects that minimizes the influence of worksite scale (i.e. the number of machines, worksite size, period of construction project etc.).

This PAS prioritizes practicality and aims to compare CO₂ emissions per quantity of work at a macro level, focusing on general field units and reasonably consolidated work units (at a daily level).

While CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆ and NF₃ are generally designated as GHGs, the GHG emitted by construction machinery during mechanical and civil engineering works is predominantly CO₂. Consequently, for the purpose of this PAS, in which the effects of GHG reduction are calculated and compared, CO₂ emissions are used as the index.

Furthermore, while internal combustion engine (ICE) exhaust gases can contain trace amounts of N₂O within the same engine, these emissions are proportional to CO₂ emissions. Therefore, to simplify the comparison methodology, only CO₂ is used as the index.

1 Scope

This PAS specifies requirements for calculating and indexing CO₂ emissions for earth-moving machinery operating in civil engineering construction sites conducting five types of work:

hauling with dumper;
excavation with excavator;
loading with excavator;
backfilling with excavator; and
compacting/ground levelling with dozer or roller.

This PAS covers:

defining the worksite;
data identification and collection;
the calculation of CO₂ emissions for individual machines;
the calculation of CO₂ emissions by machine and work type;
the calculation for indexing CO₂ emissions by machine and work type; and
worksite factors that impact CO₂ emissions and calculation for compensation.

This PAS is for use by those construction companies, manufacturing or operating earth-moving machinery, research organizations, trade associations and government agencies. It might also be of use to carbon assessors.

This PAS does not:

cover other types of construction equipment (e.g. lifting or tunnelling machinery);
cover the calculation of the total amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the entire construction site;
cover earth moving machinery (EMM) cycle patterns (e.g. 90° loading or 180° loading) or cycle speeds;
provide machine operating instructions or describe how to report on CO₂ emissions; or
include CO₂ emissions for the full life cycle of the machinery (e.g. from production to end of life).

NOTE When conducting detailed comparisons at the machine level or comparisons in short time units per work (e.g. minutes or per a cycle), differences in the cycle patterns, cycle speeds and external factors (e.g. soil conditions) between the items being compared, can impact on the comparability of the results.

2 Normative references

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Symbols

3.3 Abbreviated terms

4 Setting the purpose and conditions for conducting a comparative evaluation of CO₂ emissions

4.1 Purpose of the comparative evaluation

4.2 Worksite subject to evaluation

4.3 Evaluation period

4.4 Identification of machinery and works subject to evaluation

5 Data identification and collection

5.1 Identification of data type required for evaluation

5.2 Data collection methods

6 Calculation of CO₂ emissions

6.1 CO₂ emissions per work for each machine under evaluation

6.2 CO₂ emissions of an individual work in the entire worksite

6.3 CO₂ emissions of machinery not directly involved

7 Calculation of a CO₂ emissions evaluation index

7.1 CO₂ emissions evaluation index of an individual machine for each work

7.2 CO₂ emissions evaluation index in the whole worksite

8 Comparative evaluation of CO₂ emissions

9 Reporting

Bibliography